Business Essay -- Sociology, Culture, Melting Pot

In the past, the globe was parts of continents and continents parts of countries which represent their culture separately. In addition, the communication amongst different cultures and communities slightly difficult or need so much time. Nowadays, we could imagine something different from the past which we hear terms of new world features comparable melting pot, globalization, culture, and global perspective.Al-Balabki (1995570) concludes that, melting pot is a break through where immigrants of different ethnicities, cultures or countries come to live together with variety of ideas and races. According to J. Jary (1991) that,culture is specify as the unique ideas, customs, skills, arts, behavior, appearances and communication of a group of people. To quote Wikipedia (n.d), globalization refers to increasing global connectivity, integration and interdependence in the economic, social, technological, cultural, political and bionomic spheres. Moreover, there are many examples for global culture which make all cultures around the world effective. However, I am going to write about internet, position as a global language and business in this essay. Internet is the largest sources of cultivation in these days. It can provide a wide variety of information which anyone needs it. Internet revolution has made a huge change in many aspects in our lives. It becomes a method to know to a greater extent and more about many different things. It helps the whole world to be small village. Now anyone could speak with another person in minutes or slight than that. Moreover, you can communicate with people from different country, culture, lifestyle and geography. It is really amazing system which enriches the global development in most fields. Co... ...Birkat Almouz store. However, business ethics and anxiety structure dive me real experience to deal with managers or customers to reach work performance and customer satisfaction in any work place aroun d the world. In conclusion, globalization has its effects in different fields business, internet, and English language in the whole world. They are important examples which have potent causes and reasons. In my opinion, sometimes they are being positive and sometime being negative. For instance, some examples of global culture being useful just for the first world countries and in the same case being harmful for third world countries. However, globalization solve so much points like wasting time, make the distances among different counties are too small and easier. As a result, every country should modify each globalization example to be fitness.

Comparing the Message of The Rhodera, Each and All, and Hamatreya :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Message of The Rhodera, Each and All, and Hamatreya  We hear every day that we dont appreciate nature and that we try and conquer it but I dont think anyone actually thinks about what that means. These three combine to tell of nature and what Emerson appreciates about it. They also let nature have a say about what she thinks of humans. In The Rhodora a simple flower makes the utterer of the poem consider his own creation. He dialog of the beauty of this flower and how it rivals the rose. As Sidney stated, Emerson was really in touch with the beauty of nature. In other words, many people in their discussion focused on the fact that these poems brought to our attention the undreamed of beauty of nature that we often overlook. To me, it goes much farther. Finally he states, in my simple ignorance, suppose The self-same Power that brought me there brought you. You can almost feel the low-cal bulb go off over the speakers head when he realizes that he is a spot of a larger creation. He isnt separate from this flower the same force brought both of them to this world. He states that he was ignorant. Most of us argon ignorant of the fact that we are a part of a world that is made up of interlocking parts. We consider ourselves the top of the food chain. (In reality if a lion got hungry enough hed eat us too.) Plants thrive off of the carbon dioxide that we produce and we thrive off of the oxygen that they produce. Nature depends upon itself. We are part of that creation, not rulers over it. The speaker here finally realizes that both man and flower were put on this earth by the same force and we depend upon each other. Nature makes him job upon his own creation.(This is similar to the idea brought up in the web hypertext on Naturemost people define nature as Not-human but we are natural beings. This poem is the realization of this statement.) In Each and All this idea is taken one step further. The speaker states, Thy life to thy neighbors co nfidence has lent. All are needed by each one. In other words, all parts of life depend upon other components of life. He also talks of how he removed things from nature and got them home and all of a sudden they dont seem the way they were.

James Lovell Essay -- essays research papers

James A. Lovell, captain in the unite States Navy was born on March 25, 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. His parents are James Arthur elderberry bush and discolor Lovell. You may have heard of James Lovell through the popular movie recently made named Apollo 13. Well, there is more to expose nearly Lovell than a movie about his dramatic journey back to Earth in 1970. Believe it or not he did do quite a combat more in his life that galore(postnominal) people do not know about. Hopefully through reading this report you will learn many more facts about James A. Lovell.Lovells interest in flying dated clear back into his early childhood. He loved to arm rockets as a child. Though many of his first rockets were failures, Lovell was very persistent in what he was doing. His first successful rocket was launched from his backyard in Wisconsin when he was yet cardinal years old. It seemed as though James A. Lovell was destined to become a great pilot for the United States Space Program lat er on in his life.Lovell graduated from Juneau High School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Straight out of high school James attended the University of Wisconsin for two years. He thus went to the United States Naval Academy until 1952 where he received his Bachelor of Science degree. For six years afterward Lovell attended the Naval ravel Pilot School. He spotless there in 1958. Upon completion James was employed as a test pilot at Pax Rivers Naval line of reasoning Test Center from 1958 until 1961. Some of his responsibilities at the test center were Program Manager for the F-4H Phantom, and was also accountable for looking over the planes utensil system. later that, Lovell served as a Flight Instructor at the Oceana Naval Air Station in Virginia.After all of Lovells hard work, it had at last paying off. In September 1962 he was chosen to become an astronaut. In Lovells career at NASA he flew on a total of four missions. He was also on the backup man for five other missions. Lov ells first time in berth was aboard the Gemini septenary with rough Borman. His second mission flown was Gemini Twelve with Pilot Edwin Aldrin. The third time he went up was with Frank Borman and William Anders in the Apollo Eight Spacecraft. Lovells tail and last-place mission was Apollo Thirteen accompanied by Fred W. Haise Jr. and John L. S... ...ccurred. This left Apollo Thirteen crippled and without much hope of return to Earth. The men in the crew of Apollo Thirteen and the Ground Control in Houston worked very closely with each other finding every way possible to conserve causation and oxygen. In the end, the crew of Apollo Thirteen splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean. This is the most dramatic mission NASA has ever conducted in the history of the space program.In conclusion, I would like to share some of the things Lovell did after his career in the space program. President Johnson appointed Lovell Consultant to the Presidents Council on sensual Fitness and Spo rts. Later in 1970 he became the chairman of the Council. Lovell then retired from NASA and the Navy in 1973 where then he became the Consultant of the Council again. He joined the Bay-Houston Towing play along in Houston. In 1977 he became President of Fisk Telephone Systems in Houston. With everything. taken into consideration, I would say James A. Lovell had a pretty exciting and well-lived life.Resourceshttp//imagine5.comhttp//www.ari.nct/nss/askastro/Lovell/biograpy.htmlhttp//www.allstar.fiu.edu/http//mcn.org James Lovell turn out -- essays research papers James A. Lovell, captain in the United States Navy was born on March 25, 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. His parents are James Arthur Senior and Blanch Lovell. You may have heard of James Lovell through the popular movie recently made named Apollo 13. Well, there is more to learn about Lovell than a movie about his dramatic journey back to Earth in 1970. Believe it or not he did do quite a bit more in his life that many people do not know about. Hopefully through reading this report you will learn many more facts about James A. Lovell.Lovells interest in flying dated clear back into his early childhood. He loved to build rockets as a child. Though many of his first rockets were failures, Lovell was very persistent in what he was doing. His first successful rocket was launched from his backyard in Wisconsin when he was only twelve years old. It seemed as though James A. Lovell was destined to become a great pilot for the United States Space Program later on in his life.Lovell graduated from Juneau High School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Straight out of high school James attended the University of Wisconsin for two years. He then went to the United States Naval Academy until 1952 where he received his Bachelor of Science degree. For six years afterward Lovell attended the Naval Test Pilot School. He finished there in 1958. Upon completion James was employed as a test pilot at Pax Rivers Naval Air Test Center from 1958 until 1961. Some of his responsibilities at the test center were Program Manager for the F-4H Phantom, and was also accountable for looking over the planes weapon system. After that, Lovell served as a Flight Instructor at the Oceana Naval Air Station in Virginia.After all of Lovells hard work, it had finally paid off. In September 1962 he was chosen to become an astronaut. In Lovells career at NASA he flew on a total of four missions. He was also on the backup crew for five other missions. Lovells first time in space was aboard the Gemini Seven with Frank Borman. His second mission flown was Gemini Twelve with Pilot Edwin Aldrin. The third time he went up was with Frank Borman and William Anders in the Apollo Eight Spacecraft. Lovells fourth and final mission was Apollo Thirteen accompanied by Fred W. Haise Jr. and John L. S... ...ccurred. This left Apollo Thirteen crippled and without much hope of return to Earth. The men in the crew of Apollo Thirteen and t he Ground Control in Houston worked very closely with each other finding every way possible to conserve power and oxygen. In the end, the crew of Apollo Thirteen splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean. This is the most dramatic mission NASA has ever conducted in the history of the space program.In conclusion, I would like to share some of the things Lovell did after his career in the space program. President Johnson appointed Lovell Consultant to the Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. Later in 1970 he became the chairman of the Council. Lovell then retired from NASA and the Navy in 1973 where then he became the Consultant of the Council again. He joined the Bay-Houston Towing Company in Houston. In 1977 he became President of Fisk Telephone Systems in Houston. With everything. taken into consideration, I would say James A. Lovell had a pretty exciting and well-lived life.Resourceshttp//imagine5.comhttp//www.ari.nct/nss/askastro/Lovell/biograpy.htmlhttp//www.allst ar.fiu.edu/http//mcn.org

Critical Theory of Communication in Organizations Essay -- business Co

Critical Theory of Communication in Organizations The critical theory of communication developed by Stanley Deetz was designed to search rooms to insure the organizations health while increasing the representation of diverse human interests. He does this first by showing that corporations have become governmental as well as economic institutions. Deetz then employs advances in communication theory to point out how communication practices within a corporation plunder distort decision making. Finally, he outlines how workplaces can become more productive and democratic through communication reforms.Humanists feel that meanings are in people non words. Deetz accepts this solely goes another step and wants to make love whose meanings are in people. The companies meanings, the CEOs meanings, the perception the companies give as their meanings, this is what Deetz is looking for. When people use cant in big business, they begin to put corporate values in to play. According to EM Griffin, this theory is critical in that he wants to critique the presumptuousness that whats good for General Motors is good for the country. Furthermore, Deetz feels that most(prenominal) people fall into the norm that is presented to them from corporate America. Companies in todays society are look more democratic. They appear as more focused on the worker, the consumer, and society than their monetary needs. Is this to say that they are not concerned with money? No. The canful line for the company is cash. However, the latest strategy is perception. How the company is perceived, makes a huge difference in how society interprets them. This theory will help us check consent practices in the workplace. Corporations tend to make critical decisions for the public, regardless of if they know or not. The four criteria Deetz uses to discuss ways that public and corporate decisions can be made are strategy, consent, involvement, and participation. These four points are how I am going to evaluate his theory. In the first criteria, strategy, Deetz describes the problem to be managerialism, which he defines as a kind of systematic logic, a set of routine practices, and ideology. Managers have one thing on their mind control. Some employees will conform to the ways of their bosses, however some will reform against them. Deetz uses an example of stockholder... ...heory that has many truths to it, that most corporate employees would take as a surprise. They do not want to know that this is the reality of their world. What kind of person would want to know that they are being controlled by the people that give them the opportunity to make a living? around people already realize it. Although most people do not have much of a choice in the matter, I think that most would continue with what they are doing. What is the difference between working at PriceWaterHouseCoopers and chilli peppers restaurant, besides the major salary difference. I wor k at Chilis, a large corporation with so many rules that you would think I was making more than $2.83 an hour (excluding tips). They dictate the way I communicate to customers, the way I dress and the style of my attire and how I look. They dont give the impression that work comes before family, but they do expect me to birth them for the meals I eat while at work. Overall, Stanley Deetz has made many good points in evaluating how a corporation is organized. If only people would break away from the corporation, but this is the way we made it, the way our world is run, and it will never be the same again.

Dont Mess with Nature :: science

Dont Mess with NatureOf all the things a student needs to make it through a typical day, probably the approximately important, yet least appreciated, is paper. Paper is used for academic, social, and personal purposes by nearly all students every day. The most obvious use is for the academic or classroom assignment, whether it comes in the form of a test, an essay, or a summary of plant life on Easter Island. The social uses of paper center around the note, which some(prenominal) student can tell you is s important a part of a students social life as Friday night ballock games or the Junior Prom. As for the personal applications, on that point is doodling for the nervous mind, and there is scrunching for the nervous hand. The traditional paper airplanes and spit wads atomic number 18 still around, that they seem less popular than in days gone by-probably because it is easier for a student to move freely about the classroom today than it used to be. In any case, there can be no doubt that paper is just as important as ever to the student whose days would be a waste without it. Not only students, but everyone needs paper. Just as students use the paper, so does everyone else. The social purpose surrounds the mail, which we receive everyday. For personal use, theres the diary and the note pads to remind us the things we need to remember. There are many examples that I can give for instance, paper plates, paper bags, artificial boxes, etc Anyhow, the point that I am deriving at is that paper and cardboard boxes are all made from trees. Millions of trees are being finished every form to produce paper. Not only for paper, but for housing projects as well. New programs are being set up to plant trees in replace of the destroyed ones. Little do people realize how much damage could be done when dealing with nature. These housing projects are built, where beautiful trees use to sit let cool breeze pass through their leaves. Now, the Recycling foundation has set up a program for young kids to plant trees in their neighborhood to preserve Mother Earth. These trees are being planted at almost every street corner. The kids dont know whats likely to happen. They think they are doing good for their community. Now, trees as thick as fifteen baseballs put together, creep up underneath the sidewalk all over town.

We looked at the poems The Behaviour of Dogs and Flying to Belfast, :: English Literature

We looked at the poems The Behaviour of Dogs and Flying to BelfastWe looked at the poems The Behaviour of Dogs and Flying to Belfast,1977 by Craig Raine. In Raines poem The Behaviour of dogs hedescribes to us the many different breeds and types of dog that thereargon in the world and what effect they have on our lives. In the poemCraig Raine describes dogs in a different way than we would normallythink of them to make us see them in unfamiliar ways. To make thedogs actions easier for us to imagine he uses imagery of things wesee in everyday life and on television but that we dont usuallyassociate with dogs, Their feet are four-leafed clovers that leave ajigsaw in the dust.This start of the poem is describing dogs feet. Saying the dogs feetare four-leafed clovers is describing the shape of the dogs paw, butalso four-leafed clovers are associated with good luck, which gives usa benign and warm association. The second verse is also submitting afriendly atmosphere around dogs when it re fers to the way dogs grinand tease us, this shows the good relationship shared between manand dog. Raine describes the teeth of dogs like Yale keys suggestingthat they are serrated, jagged and sharp, Raine also uses imagery todescribe the way a dogs tongue slips out as it pants, joke-shopNiagara tongues, this line also includes an element of humour if youimagine a massive joke-shop tongueIn the third verse Raine starts focusing on the different breeds ofdog, and certain characteristics that make them different to oneanother. He mentions a whippet and how it jack-knifes across thegrass, implying that the whippet is sharp and quick. He also noticesan afghan hound with its fringe of straight hair on either side of itshead like the tralatitious folds of an opera house curtain he alsomentions how the afghan looks a bit like Wild Bill Hicock - whichimplies that dogs can sometimes have humanity characteristics, thehuman theme is carried on in the last verse, when Raine ismentioning cert ain things that dogs do.In the next verse Raine talks about the Labrador and how it, cranks avillage pump, this is a definition of how it wags its tail sovigorously and enthusiastically. Then he goes to the opposite type ofdog, the boxer who, shimmies her rump, docked to a door knocker,this describes how a boxer has to wag its consentient posterior because itstail has been cut off. When describing the Alsatian Raine says, the

We looked at the poems The Behaviour of Dogs and Flying to Belfast, :: English Literature

We looked at the metrical compositions The Behaviour of Dogs and Flying to BelfastWe looked at the poems The Behaviour of Dogs and Flying to Belfast,1977 by Craig Raine. In Raines poem The Behaviour of dogs hedescribes to us the many distinguishable breeds and types of dog that there are in the world and what effect they have on our lives. In the poemCraig Raine describes dogs in a different way than we would normallythink of them to make us see them in unfamiliar ways. To make thedogs actions easier for us to imagine he uses imagery of things wesee in everyday life and on television but that we dont usuallyassociate with dogs, Their feet are four-leafed clovers that leave ajigsaw in the dust.This start of the poem is describing dogs feet. Saying the dogs feetare four-leafed clovers is describing the shape of the dogs paw, butalso four-leafed clovers are associated with good luck, which gives usa benign and warm association. The second verse is also submitting afriendly atmosphere around dogs when it refers to the way dogs grinand tease us, this shows the good relationship shared between manand dog. Raine describes the teeth of dogs like Yale keys suggestingthat they are serrated, jagged and sharp, Raine also uses imagery todescribe the way a dogs tongue slips out as it pants, joke-shopNiagara tongues, this line also includes an element of humour if youimagine a massive joke-shop tongueIn the third verse Raine starts focusing on the different breeds ofdog, and certain characteristics that make them different to oneanother. He mentions a whippet and how it jack-knifes across thegrass, implying that the whippet is sharp and quick. He also noticesan afghan hound with its fringe of straight hair on either side of itshead like the traditionalistic folds of an opera house curtain he alsomentions how the afghan looks a bit like Wild Bill Hicock - whichimplies that dogs can sometimes have military personnel characteristics, thehuman theme is carried on in the last verse, when Raine ismentioning certain things that dogs do.In the next verse Raine talks about the Labrador and how it, cranks avillage pump, this is a exposition of how it wags its tail sovigorously and enthusiastically. Then he goes to the opposite type ofdog, the boxer who, shimmies her rump, docked to a door knocker,this describes how a boxer has to wag its social unit posterior because itstail has been cut off. When describing the Alsatian Raine says, the

Energy Conservation

Abstract capacity management and preservation is an important mother fucker to help enterprises to meet their critical objectives of short term and dour term goals. The main objective of the zero saving is to maximize the profit, minimize the cost of free expertness and to ensure sustain talent in the long term. India is one of the largest afternoon tea leaf producers in the world, with an annual take of to a greater extent than 856,000 tons. Estimates indicate that 1. 3 million tons of firewood and 435 million units of electricity ar utilize annually for tea processing in India.The proposed Project would commission on how the doing cost in tea industry pile be reduced by using dynamism economic motors. Chapter1 details the problems approach by the tea industry in term of electricity cost, framework industry, present efficiency levels in easy motors, split of output cost , the methodological abbreviation adopted to solve the problem, project objectives and s cope of the project. Chapter2 briefs about southward Ltd, Vision ,Mission and Values of Siemens, major achievements over past 50 year, initiatives towards green and plain organisational chart of Siemens.Chapter3 discusses the problem at hand, the efficiency levels of motor in tea industry, sinew frugalitys by Eff1 motors and trends in strength susceptibility by respective(a) organisations. Chapter4 highlights the literatures reviewed and cipher management agreements from miscellaneous countries. Energy preservation issues and Minimum Energy Performance Standard ar to a fault discussed. Chapter5 elaborates about tea plantation and production process in various regions of country. v arious terminologies , manufacturing process and typesetters cases of tea available in tea market withal elaborated in this section.Chapter6 shows the data unavoidable to carry out this project. The data collected, details of the data collected and the abbreviation of the data carried out are also shown in this chapter. Chapter7 illustrates the summary of energy miserliness in tea industry by energy efficient motors, survival of the fittest of motors , life cycle cost of motor, energy efficiency comparison,losses in motors and energy saving by Eff1 motor Chapter8 gives the recommendations after taking all the factors in to account.The various recommendations are substantiated properly. Chapter9 gives the conclusion, graphical representation of energy saving in a tea industry, gains of the study, limitations of the study and the future work. The various literatures referred for the study and the additional entropy taken as reference for carrying out this project is given in the list of references . locomote noneenclature, Standards , comparison of efficiency in various motors and energy saving obtained in two tea industries are given in the appendix.Energy ConservationAbstract Energy management and preservation is an important tool to help enterprises to meet th eir critical objectives of short term and long term goals. The main objective of the energy saving is to maximize the profit, minimize the cost of energy and to ensure sustainability in the long term. India is one of the largest tea producers in the world, with an annual production of to a greater extent than 856,000 tons. Estimates indicate that 1. 3 million tons of firewood and 435 million units of electricity are used annually for tea processing in India.The proposed Project would focus on how the production cost in tea industry can be reduced by using Energy efficient motors. Chapter1 details the problems faced by the tea industry in terms of electricity cost, textile industry, present efficiency levels in available motors, split of production cost , the methodology adopted to solve the problem, project objectives and scope of the project. Chapter2 briefs about Siemens Ltd, Vision ,Mission and Values of Siemens, major achievements over past 50 year, initiatives towards green an d simple organisational chart of Siemens.Chapter3 discusses the problem at hand, the efficiency levels of motor in tea industry, Energy savings by Eff1 motors and trends in Energy Efficiency by various organisations. Chapter4 highlights the literatures reviewed and Energy management agreements from various countries. Energy conservation issues and Minimum Energy Performance Standard are also discussed. Chapter5 elaborates about tea plantation and production process in various regions of country. v arious terminologies , manufacturing process and types of tea available in tea market also elaborated in this section.Chapter6 shows the data needed to carry out this project. The data collected, details of the data collected and the outline of the data carried out are also shown in this chapter. Chapter7 illustrates the analysis of energy saving in tea industry by energy efficient motors, selection of motors , life cycle cost of motor, energy efficiency comparison,losses in motors and en ergy saving by Eff1 motor Chapter8 gives the recommendations after taking all the factors in to account.The various recommendations are substantiated properly. Chapter9 gives the conclusion, graphical representation of energy saving in a tea industry, gains of the study, limitations of the study and the future work. The various literatures referred for the study and the additional information taken as reference for carrying out this project is given in the list of references . Motor Nomenclature, Standards , comparison of efficiency in various motors and energy saving obtained in two tea industries are given in the appendix.Energy Conservation- A Study of Factors Influencing Energy Conservation behaviour Richard Semenik, University of Utah Russell Belk, University of Utah John Painter, University of Utah ABSTRACT Previous research on factors that fascinate energy conservation conduct have almost without exception been restricted to demographic investigations using bivariate analy ses. The present study attempts to go beyond foregoing research by using a richer set of non-demographic predictors in the context of accelerator conservation.Multivariate analysis of the predictors suggests that great understanding of upholdr and non-conserver sort outs can be achieved with a broader set of predictor variables. to conjure up Richard Semenik, Russell Belk, and John Painter (1982) ,A Study of Factors Influencing Energy Conservation Behavior, in NA Advances in Consumer look for Volume 09, eds. Andrew Mitchell, Ann Abor, MI Association for Consumer explore, Pages 306-312. Advances in Consumer Research Volume 9, 1982 Pages 306-312 A STUDY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING ENERGY CONSERVATION BEHAVIOR Richard Semenik, University of UtahRussell Belk, University of Utah John Painter, University of Utah ABSTRACT Previous research on factors that influence energy conservation behavior have almost without exception been restricted to demographic investigations using bivaria te analyses. The present study attempts to go beyond prior research by using a richer set of non-demographic predictors in the context of grease-gunoline conservation. Multivariate analysis of the predictors suggests that great understanding of conserver and non-conserver sorts can be achieved with a broader set of predictor variables.INTRODUCTION The energy problems first highlighted by the 1973-74 gasoline and fuel oil shortages have spawned a considerable number of research efforts on the composition of energy conservation. Reviews by Anderson and Cullen (1979), Farhar, et al. (1979), Frankena, buttell, and Morrison (1977), and Joerges (1979) classify over 300 energy consumption studies conducted during the Seventies. A major thrust in many of these studies has been the detection of factors affecting energy conservation.Such a focus on understanding who conserves and why they do so, is of obvious concern for formulating realistic public policies, effectively encouraging ener gy conservation, and recognizing problems in operationalizing energy conservation plans. However, despite the fact that a number of studies have been directed at finding correlates of energy conservation attitudes and behavior their findings have slackly been weak and often contradictory. The following sections review the findings for the major categories of predictors which have been examined and discusses reasons for the inconsistencies.FACTORS RELATED TO INDIVIDUAL ENERGY CONSERVATION Income The one factor most studied for its kinship to energy conservation has been income. Income- think influences on conservation or non-conservation of energy come along to be sufficient to have created a confusing set of findings. Based on general indices or questions about energy conservation behavior some studies have rig positive tie-ups amidst energy conservation and income (Grier, 1976 Talarzyk and Omura, 1974) and amongst energy conservation and social class (Bultena, 1976).However other studies have appoint negative friendships mingled with energy conservation and income (Cunningham and Lopreato, 1977 impression Research peck, 1975c) as intimately as amid energy conservation and social class (Gottlieb and Matre, 1975)o Still other studies have found that the middle income classes report the greatest level of energy conservation (Warren and Cliffords 1975 Kilkeary, 1975).And still other studies report no meaning(a) relationship between energy conservation and income (Hogan, 1976 Bartel, 1974). The very(prenominal) inconsistent pattern of findings has emerged when conservation of specific type of energy have been examined separately. For home heating conservation, the largest number of studies have found a positive association between income and conservation behaviors (Morrison and Gladhart, 1976 Murray et al. , 1974 Perlman and Warren, 1975a, 1975b Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976).Neverthe slight, thither are once more exceptions with some studies showi ng lower income households conserving more heating fuel (Newman and Day, 1975 WaLker and Draper, 1975) and some showing middle income households conserving more (Warkov, 1976), or that some heating conservation actions are more likely in low income households, while other heating conservation actions are more likely in high income households (Opinion Research Corporation, 1974b).The same inconsistency occurs for studies examining various aspects of gasoline energy conservation, except that in this case the preponderance of evidence shows a negative association between income and conservation (Gallup, 1977a Opinion Research Corporation, 1976b rope-maker, 1977a Barnaby and Reizenstein, 1977 Newman and Day, 1975). The contradictory evidence either shows a positive association (Roper, 1977b Murray, et al. 1974 Perlman and Warren, 1975a Reizenstein and Barnaby 1976), a curvilinear association (Warkov, 1976), or no probatory association between income and automobile- link energy conserva tion (Opinion Research Corporation. 1974c). Education The general expectation here would be that raising and conservation would be positively associated. However a major complicating factor whitethorn be the positive association between education and income.Whether due to this association or to a similarity of energy conservation attitudes across education levels, the studies examining this variable once again provide fuse results As expected the largest number of studies have obtained a positive association between education and conservation actions (Roper, 1977b Survey Research Laboratory,1977 Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976 Thompson and MacTavish, 1976 Gallup, 1977a).The exceptions consist of findings of a curvilinear relationship between education and energy conservation (Cunningham and Lopreato, 1977), findings of a negative relationship (Opinion Research Corporation, 1974a, 1975a, 1975c), and findings of no significant education/ conservation relationship (Murray, et al. , 1 974 Hogan, 1976) e Occupation Occupation has been studied less frequently and one reason may be that there is less of an intuitive basis for hypothesizing a relationship between occupation and energy conservation. The studies which have obtained a ignificant relationship between occupation and energy conservation practices and attitudes have found greater conservation by those with higher status occupations (Thompson and MacTavish, 1976 Opinion Research Corporation, 1975d). Other studies have found no differences in energy conservation by polar occupational groups (Lowry and Good, 1977 Gallup 1974, 1977a). Some research has found little difference in overall conservation tendencies between occupational groups, but has found the nature of their conservation efforts to differ.For example, one study found that those in business and professional occupations reported a greater tendency to acidify down home thermostats in cold weather, while clerical, sales and manual labor workers rep orted a greater tendency to turn off dead lights at home (Gallup, 1977b) Overall however, occupation does non appear to be a good predictor of energy conservation. Age Given the relationship between age and income, it might be expected that the young and old would find the greatest economic incentive for energy conservation, with less of this motivation among middle ages. But given that many energy-conserving behaviors (e. . walking, bicycling, turning down winter thermostats and turning up pass thermostats) may be less feasible for those in poor health, there are greater constraints acting on older consumers who might otherwise be more inclined to conserve through such behaviors. In terms of baseline rates of energy usage, it appears that middle-aged families (especially with children) have the highest levels of energy consumption, and therefore the greatest opportunity to conserve (Morrison and Gladhart, 1976). These mixed expectations are borne out by mixed findings relating e nergy conservation and age.For instance, Talarzyk and Omura (1974) report the least resistance to the idea of energy conservation by older consumers, but the greatest number of energy conservation activities by middle age consumers. Cunningham and Lopreato (1977) found the oldest and youngest consumers most likely to conserve, but also found that for some conservation behaviors there was a positive association with age and for others there was a negative age association. While such mixed findings are typical (e. g. Roper, 1977b), other studies report finding no significant relationship between age and energy conservation (Hogan, 1976 KiLkeary, 1975 Bartel, 1974).Thus age has also failed to act as a consistently good predictor of energy conservation. Family liveness Cycle As suggested in the comments concerning the related variable of age, larger families with middle aged parents tend to consume larger amounts of energy (Morrison and Gladhart 1976). While this argument suggests grea ter opportunities for energy conservation by such households, there are also some countervailing forces. One is that a larger, less fuel efficient automobile may be more of a necessity for larger families.Similarly, to the extent that energy conservation requires some sacrifice, it may be more difficult in our gild to deprive children of some energy-consuming activity than it is to deprive self or self and spouse alone. But another countervailing force in the opposite direction may be that children receive more conservation information in school than their parents did and bring this information and related conservation attitudes home (Opinion Research Corporation, 1976b). Once again we are left with unclear expectations about the relationship of the family life cycle variable and energy conservation.Even within the landing field of gasoline conservation, some studies have found conservation more likely among married persons (Burdge, 1975) while others have found conservation more likely among singles (Roper, 1977b). Similarly, some studies have found greater (gasoline) conservation by families with fewer children (Roper, 1977b), while other studies have found greater (general energy) conservation by families with more children (Kilkearny, 1975). Still other studies have found no significant relationship between energy conservation and family composition or size (Hogan, 1976 Morrison 19775.Gender Expectations for the effect of gender on attitudes toward various conservation practices are difficult to formulate. Farhar et al. , (1979) speculate that home-related energy conservation in heating and appliance use may threaten the traditional role of the woman in providing family comfort. However, some(prenominal) studies show women more favorable toward energy conservation in the home than men (Opinion Research Corporation, 1975b, 1976a Cunningham and Lopreato, 1977). Other studies find no differences in such attitudes (Bartel, 1974). in spite of appearance the domain of gasoline-conserving ehaviors, some studies show males to be less favorable (Opinion Research Corporation, 1976a) while others show females to be less favorable (Gallup, 1977a). Again the literature fails to put out consistent relationships between energy conservation and a probable predictor variable. Other Factors Related to Energy Conservation To a lesser extent, other demographic variables have been examined as predictors of energy conservation behavior Race has been examined with some sort of inconsistencies or no difference in behavior result between blacks and whites (Newman and Day, 1975 Cunningham and Lopreato, 1977).Political party affiliation has also been examined and in some cases Democrats appear more conserving (Opinion Research Corporation, 1975c) and in other cases Republicans appear more conserving (Gallup, 1977a). Urban versus rural area of residence has been examined with little consistency in results. In some studies, rural residents are more conserv ing (Blakely, 1976 Morrison, 1977), in others urban residents are more conserving (Opinion Research Corporation, 1975d, 1976a), and in others no difference was found (Hogan, 1976).Some studies have gone beyond demographic variables in search for predictors of conservation. One study (Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976) found media exposure and personal germs of information better predictors of conservation attitudes than demographics. Several studies have used activity, interest, and opinion (AIO) variables to predict energy conservation (Morrison, 1977 Barnaby and Reizenstein, 1977 Talarzyk, 1974). Although the results of these studies have found some significant relationships, the substantial differences in AIO items used preclude any generalization of effects of lifestyle on conservation.REASONS FOR INCONSISTENT FINDINGS Several explanations are possible for the contradictory and inconsistent findings of studies seeking factors related to energy conservation. Two explanations offered by both Farhar et al. , (1979) and Anderson and Cullen (1979), are that there are numerous measures and categorizations of independent variables in these studies and that the dependent variable (energy conservation) has also been operationalized in a number of elans. These do not seem to be adequate to explain all of the anomalies found in the literature.While dissimilar categorizations and measures of independent variables may explain why a variable is a significant predictor of conservation in some studies but not in others, it does not explain why the same relationships are positive in same studies and negative in others. Another explanation which might be suggested is that the take ins and time periods of the various studies were different. However, there are also shortcomings to this explanation. The review by Farhar et al. , (1979) finds little in the way of regional differences in energy conservation findings.Even though all relevant studies have been conducted during the 1970s, there may be enough volatility in attitudes and behavior during this period that studies of several different years could obtain different findings. However, the series of longitudinal studies reviewed by Murray et al. , (1974) would seem to discount this argument since most of the variables remained relativelY stable. The foregoing explanations may go part way toward explaining the differences in findings obtained, but there is another more make explanation.In nearly every instance there are opposing conceptual expectations concerning the nature of the relationship between the predictor variable and conservation of energy. It may well be that the combination of these opposing forces has been sufficient to cause different and even opposite findings in studies with somewhat different samples. Since some of the opposing expectations arise from the correlations between a predictor variable and another variable, a sample which is more homogeneous in such a third variable (e. g. income) than another sample may cause an apparent reversal of the relationship between the predictor variable (e. . education) and energy conservation. With very few exceptions (e. g. Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976), previous studies have used bivariate rather than multivariate methods in enounce to examine the relationships of interest. One of the improvements offered in the present paper is to employ a multivariate method in order to go beyond the limitations of the largely bivariate prior studies. In addition, the present paper seeks a richer set of predictor variables than the largely demographic variables employed in prior research.The primary non-demographic sets of variables added were (1) beliefs about the nature and causes of the energy crisis (often investigated as dependent variables, but not as independent variables), (2) preferences for different energy-related actions, and (3) media exposure variables. No previous study has simultaneously investigated these types of v ariables. METHODOLOGY In an effort to investigate a wide variety of variables and their effect on gasoline consumption, a sample of 253 heads of households who touch off over 150 miles per month was selected using a cluster sampling technique.The data were collected in Salt Lake City, Utah in the spring and summer of 1979 during a period of pronounced shortages and price increases. A structured questionnaire administered by trained interviewers was used to gather information on a variety of potential predictor variables and demographic information. Questions were carefully worded to avoid potential demand characteristics that could result from socially acceptable response options. As discussed above, three primary non-demographic sets of variables were included in the data collection.In addition, current gasoline consumption behaviors and demographic variables were also identified. The louvre total categories of variables and the dimensions for data gathered in each category are d isplayed in Table 1. The rationale for choosing to investigate variables in these categories stem from several influences. First, the previous research, discussed at the outset of this paper, tented to narrowly define the potential influences on consumption behavior. The categories used in this study attempt to broaden the base of investigation of potential influences.Second, the types of variables examined in earlier works provided a foundation for the categories of variables used here. Earlier studies were relied on for choosing variables to examine within categories. Finally, since there is an issue related to using demographics versus other types of variables to predict energy-related behaviors, demographics were also included in the investigation. RESULTS The main purpose of data analysis was to identify factors that influence gasoline conservation behavior. The initial step in this procedure was to classify respondents as either conservers or non-conservers of gasoline by fai rness of various behaviors.The behaviors used to classify respondents were 1. estimated mpg of the auto being repulsen 2. consuming less gasoline than six months ago 3. consuming less gasoline than five years ago 4. currently riding in a car pool 5. moving to a residence closer to work to help conserve gas 6. increase in bus usage TABLE 1 NEANS AND UNIVARIATE F SCORES FOR VARIABLES CONSIDERED AS PREDICTORS If a respondent was engaging in two or more conservation behaviors with regard to the above set of variables, the decision rule was to classify this respondent as a conserver.Respondents engaging in less than two conservation behaviors or behaving in a fashion that indicated increased consumption of gasoline were categorized as non-conservers. On the basis of reported behavior, 83 respondents were classified as conservers and 75 as non-conservers. The remaining 95 respondents were unclassified by virtue of demonstrating contradictory conservation and non-conservation behaviors. I n an effort to verify this grouping procedure and thereby establish that legitimately different groups were formed by the process 9 a discriminant analysis was performed on the newly formed conserver and non-conserver groups.The discriminant analysis indicated that each of the variables discussed earlier which were used in the group forming process produced significant (p. 01) differences between conservers and non-conservers. The most important variables in distinguishing the two groups were consumers use of a more fuel efficient auto and consuming less gasoline than five years ago. Further verification of the grouping was provided by the classification matrix in this analysis in which a 90. 5% correct prediction was achieved in classifying respondents as conservers or non-conservers versus maximum break percentage of 52. %. The establishment of groups which were legitimately different in energy related behaviors provided a foundation for investigating a broad set of potential pr edictor variables. Table 1 shows the means and univariate F-Scores for the make love set of variables considered. The variables in Table 1 were then analyzed using discriminant analysis for their value in predicting the conserver and non-conserver groups. From the original set of 32 variables viewed as potentially useful predictors, Table 2 shows the results of those that were significant in forming the discriminant function.On a univariate basis, many of the variables distinguish between the conserver and non-conserver groups. Additionally, on a multivariate basis this group of variables provided a highly significant (p . 001) discriminant function. Further evidence of the overall power of the variable set is provided in Table 3 by the classification matrix. Predicted group rank and file had a 76. 58% accuracy based on the discriminant function formed from the group of predictor variables (again versus a 52. 5% level by the maximum chance criterion, (Morrison, 1969). TABLE 2 SIGN IFICANT VARIABLES IN DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS OF CONSERVER GROUPSTABLE 3 CLASSIFICATION MATRIX FOP CONSERVER GROUPS In light of the variables power in distinguishing between conservers and non-conservers, a discussion of the contribution made by each variable set is worthwhile Beliefs About the Gasoline Shortage This set of predictors indicated consistently different views between conservers and non-conservers. Non-conservers were more prone to believe that no real gasoline shortage existed, that there was less of a need for the country to decrease its consumption of gasoline, and that the gasoline availability problem was due to government bungling of the situation.The conserver group tended toward opposite beliefs in each of these areas. The government issue is one of the strongest contributors to the multivariate prediction of group membership. Evaluation of Potential Solutions Univariate comparisons of the two groups on this set of variables indicate that significant differences ex ist between the groups on two of six dimensions (closing gas stations on certain days as an acceptable solution and higher prices as a best solution).One possible reason greater differences were not discovered in univariate analysis of these factors is that non-conservers were not convinced a shortage of gasoline really existed. In this context, non-conservers may have found it difficult to evaluate potential solutions to a hypothetical problem. Again, on a multivariate basis, each of the variables in this set contributed significantly to the distinction between the groups. Gasoline Consumption Behaviors This set of variables identifies differences in the way conservers and non-conservers use their personal automobiles.Non-conservers tented to drive a greater number of miles in a year and had a significantly higher percentage of work related use of the automobile. Given the influence of using the automobile for work related purposes, perhaps non-conservers hold a view that there is an element of inflexibility in their ability to conserve gas. This proposition, however, must be evaluated in the context of the non-conservers stronger belief that a shortage of petroleum doesnt really exist anyway. Media HabitsThe only media habit that was different between the groups was ratio listening behavior and this is only significant in the context of the multivariate analysis. Data were gathered on television viewing behavior and amount of time spent reading the newspaper. As the data in Table 2 indicates, non-conservers spent more time listening to the radio (perhaps as part of work related travel). Demographics The demographic analysis in this current study provides a basis for comparison with previous energy conservation research.The results in Table 2 indicate that conservers are younger, and have higher education and income status than non-conservers. The age relationship is more straightforward than suggested by prior research. The import of the education variable contributes to the body of evidence which suggests a positive association between conservation and education level (Roper, 1976b Survey Research Laboratory Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976 Thompson and MacTavish, 1976 Gallup, 1977a). Conservers were also found to have a higher income than non-conservers.While the difference between groups is not significant on a univariate basis, this is another variable that contributes to the overall differences between the groups on a multivariate basis. In general, the positive association of income to conserver status joins a relatively few previous efforts discovering the same result (Roper 1977b. , Murray et al. 1974 Perlman and Warren, 1975a and Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976). DISCUSSION First, it may be noted some of the belief, attitudinal, and behavioral predictors are stronger predictors of conserver status than any of the demographic variables.It therefore appears that the inclusion of this enriched set of predictors paid off and that pri or studies have been exceptional by restricting themselves to demographic variables. From a public form _or_ system of government standpoint, the current results indicate that non-conservers simply are not convinced that an energy problem exists. They are clearly more prone to believe that the government is responsible for shortages in petroleum and that decreasing consumption of gasoline will not eliminate the source of the problem.This mentality on the part of non-conservers manifests itself in several ways. The non-conserver group drives less fuel efficient cars and uses car pooling and public transportation far less than conservers. Further, the non-conserving group has shown little effort over the past six months or five years to consume less gas. The lack of belief in the reality of a gasoline shortage also results in lack of enthusiasm by non-conservers for any potential solutions.Admittedly, the conservers were not overly favorable toward most solutions, but non-conservers did not rate a single potential solution positively as a group. Since not one of 75 respondents classified as non-conservers cited higher gas prices as the best solution to the problem, perhaps this tactic would have the greatest impact on the group. Aside from any attempt to speculate regarding specific policy strategies though, the main conclusion is that this group needs to be convinced of the existence of any energy problem.It can also be recognized that non-conservers drive more miles and drive more for work related reasons than conservers. The implication here could be that non-conservers consider the consumption of gasoline a necessity and therefore do not feel they have the flexibility to engage in conservation behaviors. Demographically conservers are younger, more highly educated and higher in income than non-conservers. Perhaps, these demographic factors have contributed to their ability to obtain and comprehend information about the energy situation, hereby influencing their beliefs about its existence. This in turn may have influenced conservers to car pool, use public transportation, drive more fuel efficient cars, and generally reduce consumption of gasoline. At least this cognitive-behavioral chain of events is the one we would expect for a high involvement prize like gasoline conservation. The distinctions between conservers and non-conservers Just discussed were, to a large degree, discovered through the use of a multivariate approach to the predictor variables.Many factors that were not significant on a bivariate basis, nonetheless, were significant in the context of a multivariate analysis of the two groups. To the extent that factors are operating in joint with one another to influence conservation behavior such a simultaneous investigation appears to have promise in untangling the contradictory findings produced by previous bivariate analyses The task of future research investigating energy conservation behavior is to further enhance a nd enrich the set of predictor variables by taking into account longitudinal changes in the beliefs and attitudes found to be important in this study.To the extent that evolving consumer beliefs about energy problems and consumer consumption behaviors related to these beliefs can be identified, a greater understanding of factors influencing conservation behavior will be attained. REFERENCES Anderson, Dennis and Cullen, Carman (1979), Energy Research from a Consumer Perspective An Annotated Bibliography, (Ottawa Consumer and Corporate Affairs Canada). Barnaby, David J. and Reizenstein, Richard to (1977), Consumer Attitudes and Gasoline role A Market Segmentation Study, Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference of American Institute for Decision accomplishments, eds.Justin D. Stolen and James J. Conway, 230-232. Bartel, Ted (1974), The Effects of the Energy Crisis on Attitudes and Life Styles of Los Angeles Residents, presented at the 69th annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Montreal. Blakely, Edward J. (1976), Energy, Public Opinion and the 1976 Public Policy, California Agriculture, 30, 4-5. Bultena, Gordon L. (1976), Public Response to the Energy Crisis A Study of Citizens Attitudes and Adaptive Behaviors, (Ames, Iowa Iowa responsibility University). Burdge, Rabel J. et al. , (1975), Public Opinion on Energy, Issues Facing Kentucky, (Lexington,Kentucky University of Kentucky). R Cunningham, William R. and Lopreato, Sally Cook (1977), Energy Use and Conservation Incentives, (New York Praeger Publishers). Farhar, Barbara C. , Wells, Patricia, Unseld, Charles T. and Burns, Barbara A. (1979), Public Opinion About Energy A Literature Review, (Golden, Colorado Solar Energy Research Institute). Frankena, Frederick, Buttell, Frederick H. and Morrison, Denton E. (1977), Energy/Society Annotations, (Ann Arbor University of Michigan). Gallup, George (1974), Energy Curbs Usage, The Gallup Opinion Index, (Report No. 04, Princeton American Institute of Public Opinion). Gallup, George (1977a), Energy, The Gallup Opinion Index, (Report No. 142, Princeton American Institute of Public Opinion). Gallup, George (1977b), Public Remains Unconvinced of Energy Problem, The Gallup Opinion Index, (Report No. 149, Princeton American Institute of Public Opinion). Gottlieb, David and Matre, Marc (1975), Conceptions of Energy Shortages and Energy Conserving Behavior, (presented at 70th Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco).Grier, Eunice S. (1976), Changing Patterns of Energy Consumption and Costs in U. S. Households, presented at Allied Social Science Association Meeting, (Atlantic City). Hogan, Janice M. (1976), Energy Conservation Family Values, Household Practices, and Contextual Variables, Ph. D. dissertation, East Lansing Michigan State University). Joerges, Bernard (1979), Consumer Energy Research An International Bibliography, Berlin The International Institute for purlieu and Society.Kilkeary, Rovena (1975), The Energy Crisis and Decision-Making in the Family, NTIS Report No. NSF-SOS GY-11543, (Springfield Virginia National skillful learning Service. Lowry, D. J. and Good, W. S. (1977), The Energy Conscious Consumer Implications for Marketing, working paper, (Winnipeg University of Manitoba). Morrison, Bonnie M. (1977), Presidential Energy Consumption Socio-Physical Determinants of Energy Use in Single Family Dwellings, in The Behavioral Basis of Design. Book 2, eds. Peter Suedfeld, James A. Russell, Lawrence M.Ward, Francoise Szigeti, and Gerald Davis, (Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania Dowden Hutchinson and Ross, 314-320. Morrison, Bonnie Maas and Gladhart, Peter (1976), Energy and Families The Crisis and Response, Journal of sept Economics, 68, 15-18. Morrison, Donald G. (1969), On the Interpretation of Discriminant Analysis, Journal of Marketing Research, 6, 156-163. Murray, James R. , Minor, Michael J. , Bradburn, Norman M. , Cotterman, Robert G. , Frankel, Martin and Pisarski, Alan E. (1974), Evolution of Public Response to the Energy Crisis, Science, 19, 257-263.Newman, Dorothy R. and Day, Dawn (1975), The American Energy Consumer, (Cambridge, Massachusetts Ballinger print Company). Opinion Research Corporation (1974 ), Public Attitudes and Behaviors Regarding Energy Conservation, Waves 12 and 13, Technical Information Service No. PB 259 342). Opinion Research Corporation (1974b), global Public Attitudes and Behavior Toward Energy Saving, Technical Information Service No. 244 980. Opinion Research Corporation (1974c), Trends in Energy Consumption and Attitudes Toward Energy Shortage, Technical Information Service No. 244 983.Opinion Research Corporation (1975A), Consumer Attitudes and Behavior Resulting from Issues Surrounding the Energy Shortage, Technical Information Service No, 244 985. Opinion Research Corporation (1975b), Consumer Behavior and Attitudes Toward Energy-ReLated Issues, Technical Information Service No. 244 986 Opinion Research Corpor ation (1975c), General Public Attitudes and Behavior Toward Energy Saving, Technical Information Service No. 244 989 Opinion Research Corporation (1975d), How the Public Views the Nations Dependence on Oil Imports, Technical Information Service No. 45 828. Opinion Research Corporation (1976a), Private Individuals Willingness to Make Energy-Saving Efforts and Their Perceptions of Others Doing the Same, Technical Information Service No. 255 946. Opinion Research Corporation (1976b), Parents Perceptions of their Childrens Sources of Energy Information and Energy Related Activities, Technical Information No. 261 164. Perlman, Robert and Warren, Roland (1975a), Effects of the Energy Crisis on Households of Different Income Groups, presented at the Annual Meeting of The Society of the Study of Social Problems, San Francisco.Perlman, Robert and Warren, Roland L. (1975b), Energy-Saving by Households of Different Incomes in triad Metropolitan Areas, (Waltham, Massachusetts Brandeis Universi ty). Reizenstein, Rich rd C. and Barnaby, David J. (1976), An Analysis of Selected Consumer Energy-Environment Trade-Off Segments, in Educators Proceedings of the American Marketing Association Series 39, (Chicago American Marketing Association, 522-526. Roper Organization, Inc. (1977a), Roper Reports, (New York Roper Organization Inc. Roper Organization, Inc. (1977b), Roper Reports, (New York Roper Organization, Inc.Survey Research Laboratory (1977), Public Reactions to Wind Energy Devices, for the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy, Washington, D. C. , (Urbana University of Illinois. ) TaLarzyk, W. Wayne and Omura, Glenn S. , Consumer Attitudes Toward and Perceptions of the Energy Crisis, in 1974 Combined Proceedings, ed. Ronald C. Cruham, (Chicago American Marketing Association, 316-322. Thompson, Phyllis T. and MacTavish, John (1976), Energy Problems Public Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behaviors, mimeographed paper, Urban and Environmental Studies Institute, Gra nd Valley State College, (Allendale, Michigan).Walker, Nolan E. and Draper, E. Linn, The Effects of Electricity price Increases on Residential Usage of Three Economic Groups A Case Study, in Texas Nuclear Power Policies, (Austin, Texas University of Texas. Warkov, Seymour (1976), Energy Conservation in the Houston- Galveston Area Byzantine 1976, (Houston, Texas University of Houston). Warren, Donald I. and Clifford, David L. (1975), Local Neighborhood Social Structure and Response to the Energy Crisis of 1973-74. (Ann Arbor, Michigan University of Michigan).Energy ConservationAbstract Energy management and conservation is an important tool to help enterprises to meet their critical objectives of short term and long term goals. The main objective of the energy conservation is to maximize the profit, minimize the cost of energy and to ensure sustainability in the long term. India is one of the largest tea producers in the world, with an annual production of more than 856,000 tons. E stimates indicate that 1. 3 million tons of firewood and 435 million units of electricity are used annually for tea processing in India.The proposed Project would focus on how the production cost in tea industry can be reduced by using Energy efficient motors. Chapter1 details the problems faced by the tea industry in terms of electricity cost, textile industry, present efficiency levels in available motors, split of production cost , the methodology adopted to solve the problem, project objectives and scope of the project. Chapter2 briefs about Siemens Ltd, Vision ,Mission and Values of Siemens, major achievements over past 50 year, initiatives towards green and simple organisational chart of Siemens.Chapter3 discusses the problem at hand, the efficiency levels of motor in tea industry, Energy savings by Eff1 motors and trends in Energy Efficiency by various organisations. Chapter4 highlights the literatures reviewed and Energy management agreements from various countries. Energy c onservation issues and Minimum Energy Performance Standard are also discussed. Chapter5 elaborates about tea plantation and production process in various regions of country. v arious terminologies , manufacturing process and types of tea available in tea market also elaborated in this section.Chapter6 shows the data needed to carry out this project. The data collected, details of the data collected and the analysis of the data carried out are also shown in this chapter. Chapter7 illustrates the analysis of energy saving in tea industry by energy efficient motors, selection of motors , life cycle cost of motor, energy efficiency comparison,losses in motors and energy saving by Eff1 motor Chapter8 gives the recommendations after taking all the factors in to account.The various recommendations are substantiated properly. Chapter9 gives the conclusion, graphical representation of energy saving in a tea industry, gains of the study, limitations of the study and the future work. The vario us literatures referred for the study and the additional information taken as reference for carrying out this project is given in the list of references . Motor Nomenclature, Standards , comparison of efficiency in various motors and energy saving obtained in two tea industries are given in the appendix.

Is It Easy to Be Young

Is it easy to be little? Its set in humans nature that he is always dissatisfied with things that he has. Every age has its own difficulties and for me this is a hard question to answer since I have only been young. I havent experienced the difficulties that sr. people have but from what I have experienced until now I think that being young has its positive and negative sides. One of the young persons problems is to find his place in the world where there is an order which he has to obey.Lots of young people have problems with finding themselves because they think that they know best and they come int want to live by the rules that they havent tested. Youth is time to try new things and experiment to create new experience. Sometimes a bad comp all can make a unhealthy influence and encourage to try out things that looks good and fun but actually they atomic number 18 bad. As a result these experiments leaves a bad effect to the rest of the persons life. At the same time being you ng is easy because its easier to set to new things.Young people doesnt have self-rebukes about unfulfilled life and unused opportunities whole life is ahead of them. Youth is time to improve, set goals, apprehend and try. And all of the hope and dreams gives so much strenght to work I think that being young is both easy and difficult. Youth gives so much opportunities that any other age will never give. Young people just have to learn how to balance them with the side effects and then I could already say that being young is easy.

Betrayal in the city Essay

A critical analysis of the composition of betrayal in Francis Imbugas Betrayal in the City, Game of Silence and Man of Kafira This study examines the kind of influence postin dependence realities have had on Imbuga as a dramatist. More specifically it is an exploration of most aspects of Imbugas dramatic transmission of these realities. A critical analysis of the dominant theme of betrayal, in Betrayal in the City, Game of Silence and Man of Kafira helps assoil the realities. The guiding assumption is that drama in Africa carries a political dimension and is therefore socially committed. Drama may thus be read as a barometer of social change and progress. Imbugas drama artistically presents topical socio-political issues through dramatic exploration of the theme of betrayal and in the process reveals the playwrights perception of society. The analysis starts off with a survey of the historical background of the three selected plays.This way we arrive at the origins of the theme of betrayal. The physical ground is Africa where the goings-on include the strangling of nascent democracy and the attendant oppression of the common people by the ruling elite. As Betrayal in the City demonstrates, the case of this state of affairs is a popular desire for change. Game of Silence is a dramatic critique of the culture of silence in which the playwright seems to propose popular reaction against autocratic and anti-life forces. As Imbugas ideological stance as a writer becomes clearer in this play, we advance into Man of Kafira and its dominant theme of power crisis and the related positions of the former head of state. In the final analysis, we have read and understood society through Imbugas drama.

Brand’s Market Analysis Essay

except, assorted fire tick offs atomic number 18 engaging in much aggressive advertising and increasing brand awargonness, bridging the gap of perceived difference between tickS and their reapings, and offering buyers more choices, hence buyers come medium power. Supplier negociate power discolorationS sections are mainly chicken essence and a small equilibrium of caramel. Although these ingredients are relatively easy to procure, in that location is high regulation from regime restricting the number of suppliers, because of the recent 2004 avian flu which prompted authorities to step in to tighten regulations on the quality of avian yields2.Due to loyalty to ingredient supplier since 2004, and the fact that few suppliers are qualified and approved by authorities, deformityS is assured of the quality of its ingredients, but suppliers screw high bargaining power because of its quality assurance. Threat of upstart entrants There are high restore costs out-of-pocket to payoff method and machinery, and seasonal demands during critical periods such as examinations, as well as foodstuff saturation and high existing brand righteousness with other industry competitors.This pee-pees a high breastwork of entry due to high start-up capital and high economies of scale. BRANDS recent entry to the health supplement market, has heightened the scourge of new entrants (e. g. InnerShine series3), as these products do not enjoy similar consumer loyalty and new entrants undersurface imitate them. Despite extensive brand building, threat of entrants is overall medium. Threat of substitutes Substitutes of BRANDS include mainstream health supplements, which may appeal to consumers who do not like the bitter taste of BRANDS traditional products.In response, BRANDS has diversified their product line to include tablets. Moreover, BRANDS has always been active voice in research and recently discovered the link between consumer benefits to an active compound4 in its products. This is in contrast to its substitutes, especially western health supplements, who have prided themselves on a long history of research and the ability to back its products with scientific foundations. Despite this, threat of substitutes is medium as BRANDS health supplements are relatively new.Industry competition In actuality, BRANDS products have little difference with its competitors and there are fairly similar marketing target segments because BRANDS competitors are able imitate its marketing strategy5. product in demand of such products as a dissolver of increasing free-enterprise(a) surrounds has allowed competitors to gain on the high demand from a spectrum of consumers. As a result, BRANDS direct competitors price their products lower than BRANDS and appeal to price-sensitive consumers, thus leading to a relatively strong rivalry.BRANDs recent foray into the mainstream health supplements market also exposed itself to great competition because of exist ing industry players, giving it an uphill task to gain market share. As a result, industry competition is relatively intense. In conclusion, strong brand equity empowers BRANDS and reduces threats from buyers and new entrants. Overall competitive environment was medium high due to pressures from substitutes, suppliers and competitors which lead CPL to adopt the strategies below. 2. Competitive Strategies adopted in 2009 and 2010 CPL primarily uses focus differentiation strategy, coupled with some elements of cost leaders strategy, during the period 2009 to 2010, which enabled it to survive the challenging environment and gear itself towards sustainable growth in the long brave out. Fierce industry competition during the period has led to CPL macrocosm active in its brand building strategy through various channels. Some of these include engaging brand ambassadors, outr apiece on television media and organizing study camps.This brand worry strategy has resulted in perceived unique ness of their product, even though there are competitors with similar physical products. In a bid to spay consumers of its uniqueness, it has invested in research facilities to offer scientific backing to its products. The successful patent of its discovery bequeath lend further credence to its advertising and products which willing pass water it harder for its rivals to imitate its marketing strategy. Focus strategy is evident through marketing strategies targeted at students. Collaboration with schools and the organization of student events (e. . Sudoku competitions, summer camps) have enabled CPL to improve its outreach to students. This is in response to the increasingly competitive education systems in Singapore and China, where students will be inclined to take supplements that are deemed beneficial to the well-being of the mind. The global recession of 2009 and declining gross revenue forced CPL to rethink a low cost strategy, in response to more price-sensitivity amon g consumers, and rising price of ingredients. This is illustrated in its continual capacity expansion, allowing it to enjoy future economies of scale.The change magnitude in volume of production will allow it to spread its fixed costs over a larger quantity, reducing its honest unit cost of production. Furthermore, investments in specialized technology6 for the manufacturing process will likely result in higher efficiency and lower average cost in the long run. Price negotiations to mitigate upward pressure7 in ingredient prices also help to keep unit costs low. In the event of future recessions, CPL will be able to respond and translate lower prices to consumers through promotions and offers.To conclude, even though BRANDS is not a price leader in the industry, its long terminus low cost strategy in bringing down its production cost, along with improver investments in brand building to promote product uniqueness, will allow it to reap increased profits in good prison terms. Whe re times are bad, CPL can afford to lower selling prices and still get under ones skin rose-cheeked profits. 2. 3 Top Three Business Risks and Counter-measures Risk 1 Declining market shares and strong competition Strong competition from existing competitors present a threat to BRANDS standing in the market.BRANDS has lost market shares in beauty oral aid products8 and Innershine products in countries such as Malaysia while competition in other countries remains intense. In response to the competition, CPL engaged in active advertising to improve brand image and increase outreach. Campaigns directed to improve sales of specific products are also held resulting in significant effect in capturing customers attention to BRANDS products. Innovative ways to increase sales such as cubic shop retailing, blogs and increasing of sales channels to cosmetic shops9 has helped to gain a competitive advantage and modernize their image.CPL has also carried out extensive research for BRANDS to sc ientifically assure the benefits and safety consumption of their product which no other company had done so for this socio-economic class of products hence winning over customers approval and loyalty. Risk 2 Decreasing sales due to the global economic recession The global economic recession has made a declining effect on the sales number for BRANDS product. However CPL had manage to minimize the effects of the recession by investing heavily on research amp development and capacity building allowing them to stay full of life in the face of the recession.Up to date technology to transform operations to be fully automated has allowed CPL to decrease cost of production and increase product output hence maximizing profits during the recession. The investment in increasing capacity includes construction of factories costing a total of 2. 45 billion baht10 and inception of Indonesia offices. This move coupled with aggressive marketing sales strategy aims to increase their presence in th e market and improve sales in the short run while the construction of the factory aims to allow CPL to increase their competitiveness and secure a larger market share in the long run.Risk 3 Decrease consumer confidence in BRANDS products News reports of a recall of essence of chicken products in the United States spark1ed some controversy amongst consumers11. In addition, just as the business in the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) was beginning their operations, food safety concerns caused by the melamine food scare12 significantly affected consumer sentiment. above this, news of the import ban on BRANDS products spread worldwide, affecting the business segment. Fortunately, BRANDS subsequently stepped out to explain that the cause of the import ban was a result of compliance issues13.CPL also affirmed its commitment to quality assurance through various press releases to ease consumer sentiments14. 2. 4 Overview of Value Chain Activities We have place the value chain activities th at enable CPL to stay ahead of competitors, in particular, support activities such as research and development and human resource management provide BRANDS the extra edge in the industry and primary activities such as operations, advertising, brand building and service distinguish BRANDS from their rivals.CPL has affirmed its commitment to Research and ontogeny by launching the BRANDS Health Science Centre and they have discovered the active compound in their health product which is believed to enhance mental performance. lap up is still done to further understand how to maximize the uses of the compound for consumer benefits15. As a result, BRANDS product credibility in the industry will be meliorate with the backing of this scientific discovery. This discovery of this compound Probeptigen will help to distinguish BRANDS from its rivals and increase customer loyalty.Finding ways of harnessing the active compound in different ways should be the next step that CPL works towards t o, and will aid its differentiation strategy if new and innovative products can be released with its findings. Human resource management is identified as key to the organization16. This is important to the development of the next generation of leadership and talent retention and particularly relevant as a strong management team will be vital to steer the waves of future recessions. A highly efficient management team will create value for shareowners and maintain the pristine image of BRANDS products to consumers.Efforts are made to engage employees, develop leadership skills and align the right behaviors and values across the organization17. Further improvements can be made by providing quality training to service staffs with higher emphasis on after sales services. For operations, CPL has been actively expanding its manufacturing facilities, allowing them to better match its production capabilities with the growing demands. Increased output volume helps in its long-term low cost s trategy by reducing average unit production costs. compound manufacturing capabilities enable BRANDS to diversify and offer new products with special features.This allows CPL to serve various consumer needs and provide more product choices, which aid its differentiation strategy. Improvements to the manufacturing process are made through installation of latest technology to increase efficiency and reduce waste. CPL can improve its existing operations by developing new distribution channels to cope with higher output capabilities. This helps prevent bottlenecks in its supply chain. Advertising and brand building activities help to transform consumer mindsets, as well as contemporize product image.Conventionally viewed as traditional health products for medicinal purposes18, new branding strategies repositions BRANDS with brain-enhancing functions. With these activities, BRANDS can increase the cogency of its focus differentiation strategy. Increased industry competition led CPL to enhance the uniqueness of its products from its close competitors. Appealing to students and young adults via brand imaging strengthens its focus strategy. Improvements are made with research and patents to provide scientific foundations to its products.Further improvements can be by capitalizing on these scientific insights to explicitly educate consumers on the specific benefits of each product to achieve full effects of its brand building strategy. Service in the organization adds value to consumers through its customer relationship management (CRM) policies. In a saturated industry, close similarities with rivals can be mitigated with unique after sales services and quality consumer experiences. This helps BRANDS to connect with its consumers on a more personal level, and allow it to leverage on customer insights to better anticipate demands19.This is particularly important for BRANDSs focus differentiation strategy as it reduces the time BRANDS takes to rectify product errors o r push out new products by reconciling its supply side capabilities with the demand side factors such as change in consumer preferences. CRM initiatives are constantly being reviewed and improved in the organization by benchmarking its quality against service industry averages19. In addition, human resource management is important as such after sales services require quality labor inputs, which require constant retraining of employee. . 1 List of monetary proportionalitys Liquidity amp Efficiency 2008 2009 2010 Current Ratio 1. 56 1. 70 1. 69 Quick Ratio 1. 21 1. 23 1. 27 Cash Ratio 0. 65 0. 59 0. 73 Assets Turnover 1. 19 1. 20 1. 35 Fixed Assets Turnover 5. 87 4. 40 4. 37 Inventory Turnover 4. 59 4. 07 4. 60 Days to Sell 79. 52 89. 68 79. 35 Receivables Turnover 7. 81 7. 37 8. 35 Days to Collect 46. 73 49. 53 43. 70 lucreability 2008 2009 2010 Gross Profit Margin 50. 24% 49. 72% 47. 93% Net Profit Margin 11. 35% 11. 73% 12. 09% Return on Assets 13. 8% 14. 09% 16. 29% Return on F ixed Assets 66. 63% 51. 63% 52. 81% Return on Equity 23. 66% 24. 49% 28. 06% Earnings Per Share 25. 72 cents 26. 29 cents 32. 68 cents Solvency 2008 2009 2010 Debt Ratio 42. 64% 42. 35% 41. 56% Times Interest Earned (TIE) Ratio 19. 71 30. 77 49. 32 Selected business segments turnovers (in millions) 2008 2009 2010 BRANDS Liquids 403. 7 431. 0 503. 7 Eu Yan Sang (EYS) Chicken Essence21 6. 1 6. 1 8. 6 Woh Hup Sauces 159. 3 138. 3 171. 0 3. 2 Comments and Explanations of financial RatiosDebt ratios fell between 2009 and 2010, despite similar amount of borrowings reported on the balance sheet. Total assets grew as a result of capacity expansion, investment gains and increased cash holdings. In particular TIE ratios fell because borrowing rates were lowered22 in a bid to stimulate the economy. The recovery of the economy posted a hike in turnover and profits, which led to a surge in TIE ratio. As part of the chemical groups commitment to maximize shareholder wealth, ROE and EPS values rose. The decreasing debt ratios showed the Groups emphasis on monetary funding through internal growth and reduced reliance on out-of-door financing.This also indicates the Groups attitude towards shareholder value creation, in which a long term approach is employed, without leveraging on higher debts to fund short-term growth which could run the risk of financial bankruptcy. Gross Profit Margin fell from 2009 to 2010. The Group experienced upward pressures in prices of commodities, such as raw birds nest, coffee and sugar during the period23. Despite the higher dollar amount of turnover in 2010, the price pressures impacted costs of sales which outstripped the growth in turnover. This led to lower Gross Profit Margin in 2010.However, Net Profit Margin rose slightly by 0. 36%. Though there were higher expenses incurred from increased investments in branding, research and development, growth in turnover managed to keep pace with this rise. The main reason for the slight increase i n Net Profit Margin in 2010 was due to foreign exchange losses24 experienced in 2009, which arose as a result of the Groups foreign currency purchases and acquisition of foreign businesses such as Tobys Estate. Against the backdrop of the global recession, this translated to substantial foreign exchange losses, impacting Net Profit Margin in 2009.The Groups liquidity position was very weak in 2009. Despite the similarity in current ratios between 2009 and 2010, the Group held substantially lesser cash during 2009, evident from its cash ratio. Both the descent and receivables turnover ratio indicated that a large proportion of current assets were tied up in receivables and illiquid inventories. This was probably a result of lower consumer sentiment due to the effects of the financial crisis. Certain business segments, such as sauces and beverages25, suffered lower turnover. This caused inventory to pile up, and is illustrated in the huge spike in inventories in 2009.To encourage cus tomer purchases, the Group probably extended credit to customers which resulted in higher proportion of credit sales experienced. Dividend pay-outs averaged 25 cents a share26 despite slowing growth. Moreover, investments in manufacturing, research and brand building continued amidst the downturn. As a result, the Groups cash outflows outpaced inflows, which jeopardized its liquidity position of 2009. In 2010, liquidity position improved, as capacity expansion and brand building in the preceding years allowed it to capitalize on the recovering economy.Its CRM policy also allowed it to leverage on consumer feedback and enabled it to handle the surge in demand timely. Turnover for 2010 spiked as a result, which led to better operating cash inflows. The Group made heavy investments in fixed assets in 2009 and 2010, such as the launch manufacturing plants in Malaysia and Thailand, and building of offices in Indonesia. The fairly similar fixed asset ratios indicated that sales and profit s were able to keep pace with these extensive investments, an indication of effective utilization of manufacturing resources.Despite this, there is definitely room for improvement, as higher investments should warrant a multiplier effect on sales in the long run, and lead to better fixed asset ratios in future. Comparisons of the turnover in business segments show that despite stagnation in EYS chicken essence in 2009, strong brand equity in BRANDS products allowed appreciable growth in BRANDS liquids. However, this figure is not wholly representative as within the category of BRANDS liquids, relatively newer liquids such as BRANDS InnerShine do face stiff competition into its market share.Growth in BRANDS liquid is mainly attributed to the flagship product of chicken essence, highlighting the strong branding that BRANDS traditional products enjoy. Moreover, chicken essence is neither the flagship product of EYS, which explains the relatively lower turnover figures. In the sauces in dustry, the general decrease in turnover in 2009 was probably due to decrease in number of people dining out and the perception that sauces were non-essentials during the 2009 recession27.Despite the turnaround growth in 2010, Woh Hup Sauces still faces stiff competition from close rivals28. In conclusion, we believe that CPL is well positioned to make further inroads into its different business segments with the recovery of the economy. With its competitive strategies, and coupled with a prudent management team, we believe CPL will be able to thrive in the competitive environment and improve its financial position in the future.

Introduction speech Essay

On September 30, 1993, a miracle that was unexpected happened. Im going to severalize you round an amazing and wonderful person me Ive known this person my entire life. Many people can consider me many things. Today Ill tell you about my daughter, Vanessa, my family, and some of my hobbies. Now let me tell you about my daughter. My daughter Vanessa Rose was natural on May 13, 2005, she weighed 7 pounds, she was 20 inches long, and born at 615 in the morning. She is now 2 years old. I got her first name Vanessa from the little mermaid from the evil girl that took Ariels voice away from her and tried to steal her prince.I got her middle name Rose from the flower. Its my favorite flower and it fit with her first name. Vanessa and I have a really close bond. We enjoy playing on her little computer, playing blocks, teaching her colors, teaching her the alphabet, and her numbers and shapes. Shes very ready and loves to help clean, read books, color, and dance. Theres never a day that she sits still. My plans for Vanessa are simple, I want her to make headway the best out of her life, make mistakes in order to learn from them, go to school , graduate, get a career, get married, have kids, and die of a natural cause at a very old age.Now heres a little bit about my family. I live with my mom, my stepdad, my little sister, and Vanessa. My mom, Kim, and I have a strained relationship, even though Im her daughter, its very hard for her to understand that I am a mother and need to do things on my own without her help. But shes still my mom and even though I dont show that I appreciate her as much as she wishes I would, I do appreciate her for everything shes done for me. My stepdad, Jim, and I have an odd relationship even though he and my mom arent married hes like a nonher dad to me.Although my dad is still in the picture hes not there for me as much as Jim is for me. I appreciate him a lot and thank him for being there for me. My little sister, Gabi, and I have a strong relationship. Im always looking out for her and she always looks out for me. I trust I can tell her a hidden and she wont tell anyone else. She also can tell me secrets and she knows I wont tell anyone either. She looks up to me as a role type and she always wants to be included.Even though she may bug me at times, I still love her to death and would go to the ends of the world and back. Now Im going to tell you about some of my hobbies and what I like to do. A couple things I like to do are watch TV and movies, play on the computer, spend time with my daughter, spend time with my boyfriend, listen to music, text on my phone, and sleep. I like to watch TV and movies with my family and my boyfriend. On the computer I go on Facebook and MySpace everyday. I listen to all different types of music.What I listen to depends on the mood that Im in. My favorite TV show is Family Guy because theyre really funny and my favorite characters are Stewie and Brian. My favorite movie is Th e Titanic because its really sad but romantic at the same time. It also shows that the worst of times can be changed into the best times of your life. In conclusion, today Ive told you about my daughter, my family, and my hobbies. Im an amazing and wonderful person. Many people can consider me many things and I hope that you can come to understand me better by interview this.

The beginning of the seventeenth century

The beginning of the seventeenth century was the time when the arguments between pragmatism and classicism were to preoccupy much of the Baroque grow. Perhaps the most successful integration of these ideas came in the work of the sculptor-architect Gianlorenzo Bernini. No other artist during the Baroque while so completely dominated his discipline as did this virtuoso, whose sculpted figure works came to personify the genuinely spirit of the Counter-Reformation. Born in Naples, from an early age he possessed tremendous proficient skill in modeling.His David (Fig. 1), of 1623-24, sculpted between ages of twenty-five and twenty-six, evokes comparison with the Davids of Donatello and Michelangelo. Each work encapsulates the ideal and aspirations of its days. The sinuous luggage compartment and graceful gesture of Donatellos bronze speak of the break with the stiffness and grim determinism of the medieval age. Michelangelos David is quintessentially heroic, his gigantic personate and sensuous musculature the very idiom of human self-confidence in the High Renaissance.By comparison, Berninis sculpture, neither complacent nor particularly grand, takes on combativeness and an offensive posture here the body appears to attack and defeat. Christopher Baker argues that Bernini revolutionized sculpture by Contorting facial expressions and bodies, endowing skin and drapery with tactile sensuousness, making hair and features seem to move, and differentiating textures for colorist effects (21) Indeed, the agitation of the area roughly the figure was in fact very new to sculpture, and its provocative engagement of the blank space amplified the viewers relationship to the art.This was the very essence of the Baroque. Berninis technical skill is also worthy of consideration, for here we can see the influence of Caravaggio (Loh). Berninis captivating use of light and shade through the technique of undercutting gave his mothy marble figure an emotional vitality on a par with the very best chiaroscuro in painting. And to appreciate fully such an advance in sculpture, it is necessary to consider in greater depth infernal region carving as it was practiced in the seventeenth century.Michelangelo likened carving to liberating a figure from its stone captivity. If this was indeed a feeling shared by sculptors of the day, then perhaps, as Varriano suggests, Berninis figures leapt from their prisons (73). The emotional gestures and agitated surfaces give one the impression that the figures are indeed flesh and blood. The drama of the scene is caught entirely by the convincing portrayal of movement, produced by a series of cabalistic cuts into the marble surface that catch and smooth light.These deep spaces of shadow are produced by a technique called undercutting a method of manipulating the descriptive character of light on stone. Undercutting is a technique of creating deep cuts in stone which produce shadow (Rothschild, 72) the result suggests mo vement and dynamism, as the surface is transformed by light and shade capable of expressing the most dramatic of gestures. In Berninis remarkable The Ecstasy of St. Teresa (Fig. 2) we are witness to the dramatic potential of such a development.Noteworthy is the way the draperies of the enraptured saint take on the lightness of cloth and the way scene itself is wrapped within a turmoil of lines created through the intensive use of shadow. Bernini was also well aware of coloristic possibilities afforded by marble and used striking variation of the pink, white, green, and black varieties to produce spectacular results. One such example is his execution of the Tomb of Alexander VII (Fig.3) of 1671-8, where traditional white marble figures are juxtaposed against colored marble drapery, striking black pedestals and the every present symbol of death the skeleton. This is the Baroque sensibility in all its glory. Considering Berninis rather formidable skill in engaging space and working m aterials, it was perhaps inevitable that he would embrace architecture as well. The most notable of his achievements was his design for the piazza of St. Peters in Rome. Relying on many of the techniques and innovations of Renaissance architects, Bernini nevertheless allowed his engaging sense of novelty to exit him.As a result, the unorthodox combination of Doric and Ionic orders and the dramatic sweep of the colonnade, which psychologically heightens the pilgrims anticipation of the Church (Marder, 112), appear very much in keeping with his quintessentially Baroque sensibility. Here, space is arranged for what can be described only as kinesthetic ends Berninis deliberate manipulation of the viewers sense of rhythm and motion as they progress towards the steps of St. Peters is thus a logical extension of his sculptural strategy space as a psychological tool.It is this notable departure in the construction of space from the relative stasis of Renaissance that perhaps epitomizes th e rise of specifically Baroque architecture. determine 1 Gianlorenzo Bernini David 1623-24 White marble 170 cm Galleria Borghese, Rome Figure 2 Gianlorenzo Bernini Ecstasy of St. Teresa, 1642-52 Marble Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome Figure 3 Gianlorenzo Bernini Tomb of Pope Alexander (Chigi) VII 1671-78 Marble and gilded bronze, over life-size Basilica di San Pietro, Vatican Bibliography Baker, Christopher.Absolutism and the Scientific Revolution, 1600-1720 A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 2002 Loh, Maria H. impudent and Improved Repetition as Originality in Italian Baroque Practice and Theory. The Art Bulletin. 86. 3. (2004) 477+ Marder, T. A. Bernini and the Art of Architecture. impertinent York, London and Paris Abbeville Press, 1998. Rothschild, Lincoln. Sculpture through the Ages. New York Whittlesey House, 1942 Varriano, John. Italian Baroque and Rococo Architecture. New York Oxford University Press, 1986

Benifits of Walking

Benefits of walkway Walking provides a wide range of benefits, some of which are to a greater extent obvious than others. The obvious benefits of walking include the benefits to the individual from physical fitness and mental health improvements. A less obvious benefit is the way in which chafeting to a greater extent people walking to a greater extent often can help to generate a stronger local community, which in turn will digest to happier and healthier neighborhoods. Every channel you turn to, every magazine you flip through, and every sports store you go to, shows the concept of exercising.Most people think of exercise as too much work. They make excuses like I dont consider enough time, or Ill do it later. The purpose of this essay is to crook my listeners to get out their walking shoes and start reaping the benefits of a healthy life and start walking. archetypal we will discover how walking benefits our bodies, second uncover how easy it is to incorporate walking in to our periodical lives, and third reveal the only equipment that unmatchable needs to take the first step putting one foot in front of the other.For many of us we are always finding ways to get out of exercising. Either we are too busy or we are putting it moody until we have more time, but actu anyy we never get the time to exercise and we safe see ourselves spring from a size 6 to a size 12. Well I have help for you. We were alone born with 2 arms and 2 legs, so lets put those legs to the use they were intended. Walking is one of the easiest forms of exercise and provides many health benefits.Regular walkers have fewer heart attacks and strokes, have lower rootage pressure, and have higher levels of healthy HDL cholesterol than couch sitters do. In one study of women, a regular walking program did just as much in the heart-protection department as more vigorous exercise did. Thirty minutes of walking a day makes your muscles more sensitive to insulin. That allows glucose to d o its duty inside your cells rather than pile up in your bloodstream and cause other havoc.Even just a 5-minute walk cuts down on cigarette cravings. It engages your brains emotion centers, unleashing mood-enhancing hormones that decrease cravings and take your mind off that cigarette. And establishing a walking habit proves to you that you have the discipline to stick with your stop-smoking plan. Physical activity nourishes brain wander and stimulates its production of neurons, synapses, and blood vessels. Some studies have found that walking can counter faltering memories in people over age 50.Anyone who has come back from a walk in a various frame of mind than they went out with can attest to this. Studies back up that walking benefits your mood and may even ward off depression and anxiety. Not only can a walk perquisite you up when you need it, but also it helps improve the quality of your sleep, so youre more energetic all day long. Walking regularly can lower your risk of arthritis, macular degeneration, and even cancer by an dumfounding 50% compared with people who dont exercise. Walking has the highest compliance rate of any exercise.